A Unified Theory of Personality: A Biopsychosocial Approach

This project explores C. Robert Cloninger’s biopsychosocial theory to investigate a unified model of personality. By integrating temperament, character and identity, our research examines the interplay of biological, psychological, and social systems in shaping well-being, resilience and personal growth.

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About the project

The project aims to validate and expand Cloninger’s theory by examining the genetic, narrative, and behavioral dimensions of personality, focusing on how temperament, character, and identity contribute to individual well-being.

The research project is part of the International Network for Well-Being at University of Stavanger.

Contributors

  • Danilo Garcia (UiS, Principal Investigator)
  • C. Robert Cloninger (Washington University School of Medicine, USA, Principal Investigator)
  • Kevin M. Cloninger (Anthropedia Foundation, USA, Principal Investigator)
  • Sverker Sikström (Lund University, Sweden, Collaborator)

Background

The development of human personality reflects the evolutionary history of the brain through three major learning and memory systems:

  1. Procedural System: Supports automatic emotional reactions such as joy, sadness, fear, disgust, ambition, and anger (i.e., Temperament).
  2. Propositional System: Found in primates, supports character traits like Self-Directedness (e.g., self-acceptance, responsibility, resourcefulness) and Cooperativeness (e.g., social tolerance, empathy, helpfulness).
  3. Episodic System: Unique to humans, enabling introspection, autobiographical memory, and Self-Transcendence (e.g., flow, spiritual acceptance).

These systems form an adaptive dynamic structure essential for understanding personality as a biopsychosocial phenomenon—motivation, learning, and adaptation. Research highlights how this structure impacts well-being and mental health, integrating findings from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)​.

Cloninger’s Biopsychosocial Model of Temperament and Character
Cloninger’s Biopsychosocial Model of Temperament and Character ©.
Note. Reproduced with permission of the Anthropedia Foundation (https://anthropedia.org).

Aim

To validate and expand Cloninger’s theory by examining the genetic, narrative, and behavioral dimensions of personality, focusing on how temperament, character, and identity contribute to individual well-being.

Method

  1. Psychometric Analysis: Nonlinear and cluster analyses (e.g., Latent Class Analysis, Latent Profile Analysis) of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
  2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-techniques to analyze and quantify open-ended self-descriptions of people’s own and others personality and own narratives of life events and experiences.
  3. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS): Investigating genetic networks associated with personality traits using machine learning methods to uncover genotypic-phenotypic correlations​.
  4. Cross-Cultural Analysis: Conducting studies across diverse populations to ensure generalizability.​

Differences in self-reported health

A diagram with many vertical bars in different colours.
A diagram that shows the differences in self-reported health (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social well-being), subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction, and harmony in life), flourishing dimensions, and feeling hindered by own health (i.e., physical, psychological, and social) between individuals with distinct joint personality networks.

Note:

N = 436 (197 males, 239 females; agemean = 44.84±13.36).
Creative/Reliable = high Self-Directedness, high Cooperativeness, high Self-Transcendence/low Novelty Seeking, low Harm Avoidance, high Reward Dependence, high Persistence;
Organized/Reliable = high Self-Directedness, high Cooperativeness, and low Self-Transcendence/low Novelty Seeking, low Harm Avoidance, high Reward Dependence, high Persistence;
Emotional/Unreliable = low Self-Directedness, low Cooperativeness, and low or high Self-Transcendence/high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, low Reward Dependence, low Persistence.

From Garcia, Cloninger, Granjard, Lester & Cloninger, 2024

Three identity clusters

Illustration of a word cloud of different social characteristics
Three identity clusters found in the freely generated self-descriptions.

Note:

N = 2,373, 845 males (agemean = 33.37±11.52), 1527 females (agemean = 35.44±12.78). The font size is proportional to the frequency of the words in the data set. All words presented here in each cluster differ significantly in their semantic meaning compared to the words in the other two clusters. Statistical testing was made by a semantic t-test (colored = p < .0000; black = p < .0001; grey = p < .05).
From Garcia, Cloninger, Sikström, Anckarsäter & Cloninger, 2019.

Relationships among temperament and character sets

A model has been developed to look at the relationships among temperament and character sets composing the three personality joint-networks: Creative/Reliable, Organized/Reliable and Emotional/Unreliable, based on 2149 subjects from the epidemiological study “Young Finns Study”. From Zwir et al., 2021.

Investigate the model (pdf)

Expected Results and Relevance

This project aims to develop a comprehensive biopsychosocial model that seamlessly integrates temperament, character, and identity, providing a unified framework for understanding human personality. By combining advanced genetic and linguistic analyses, the research seeks to uncover markers associated with personality traits, offering deeper insights into the biological and psychological factors that shape behavior and identity. These findings are expected to enhance our understanding of how personality influences well-being, resilience, and adaptive capacity, particularly across diverse cultural contexts.

Moreover, the project aims to create scalable and adaptable tools for assessing personality and mental health, enabling practical applications in various domains. These tools will provide researchers and practitioners with innovative methods for evaluating and fostering psychological well-being. The implications of this work extend to psychology, education, and public health, offering actionable insights for promoting resilience, cooperation, and self-awareness in individuals and communities.

This research bridges biological, psychological, and social perspectives, offering actionable insights for fostering mental health and resilience. It emphasizes the significance of self-awareness, cooperation, and self-transcendence in promoting sustainable well-being.

Publications within the project

  1. Garcia, D. (2024). The Big, the Dark, and the Biopsychosocial Shades of Harmony: Personality Traits and Harmony in Life. Behavioral Sciences, 14(10), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100873.
  2. Garcia, D., Kazemitabar, M., Björk, E., Medeiros da Costa Daniele, T., Mihailovic, M., Cloninger, K. M., Frota, M. A., & Cloninger, C. R. (2024). Nursing Students’ Personality (Temperament and Character), Burnout Symptoms, and Health and Well-Being. International Journal of Nursing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100206.
  3. Zwir, I., Del-Val, C., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, K. M., Romero-Zaliz, R., Mesa, A., Arnedo, J., Salas, R., Poblete, G. F., Raitoharju, E., Raitakari, O., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., de Erausquin, G. A., Tattersall, I., Lehtimäki, T., & Cloninger, C. R. (2022). Evolution of genetic networks for human creativity. Molecular psychiatry, 27(1), 354–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01097-y.
  4. Garcia, D., Kazemitabar, M., Stoyanov, D., & Cloninger, C. R. (2022). Differences in Subjective Well-being among Individuals with Distinct Joint Personality (temperament-character) in a Bulgarian Sample. PeerJ, 10:e13956. https://10.7717/peerj.13956.
  5. Mihailovic, M., Garcia, D., Amato, C., Lindskär, E., Rosenberg, P., Björk, E., Lester, N., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2022). The Personality of Newly Graduated and Employed Nurses: Temperament and Character Profiles of Swedish Nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances, 4, 1000058. https://10.1016/j.ijnsa.2021.100058.
  6. Zwir, I., Del-Val, C., Arnedo, J., Pulkki-Råback, L., Konte, B., Yang, S. S, Romero-Zaliz, R., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, K. M., Garcia, D., Svrakic, D. M., Lester, N., Rozsa, S., Mesa, A., Lyytikäinen, L-P., Giegling, I., Kähönen, M., Martinez, M., Seppälä, I., Raitoharju, E., de Erausquin, G., Mamah, D., Raitakari, O., Rujescu, D., Postolache, T. T., Gu, C. C., Sung, J., Lehtimäki, T., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., & Cloninger, C. R. (2021). Three Genetic-Environmental Networks for Human Personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 26, 3858–3875. https://10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x.
  7. Granjard, A., Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., Jacobsson, C., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2021). Resilience Personality Profiles among Swedish Long-Term Unemployed. PsyCh Journal, 10, 670-673. https://10.1002/PCHJ.467.
  8. Zwir, I., Arnedo, J., Del-Val, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Konte, B., Yang, S. S, Romero-Zaliz, R., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, K. M., Garcia, D., Svrakic, D. M., Rozsa, S., Martinez, M., Lyytikäinen, L-P., Giegling, I., Kähönen, M., Hernandez-Cuervo, H., Seppälä, I., Raitoharju, E., de Erausquin, G. A., Raitakari, O., Rujescu, D., Postolache, T. T., Sung, J., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Lehtimäki, T., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). Uncovering the Complex Genetics of Human Character. Molecular Psychiatry, 25, 2295-2312. https://10.1038/s41380-018-0263-6.
  9. Zwir, I., Arnedo, J., Del-Val, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Konte, B., Yang, S. S, Romero-Zaliz, R., Hintsanen, M., Cloninger, K. M., Garcia, D., Svrakic, D. M., Rozsa, S., Martinez, M., Lyytikäinen, L-P., Giegling, I., Kähönen, M., Hernandez-Cuervo, H., Seppälä, I., Raitoharju, E., de Erausquin, G. A., Raitakari, O., Rujescu, D., Postolache, T. T., Sung, J., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Lehtimäki, T., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). Uncovering the Complex Genetics of Human Temperament. Molecular Psychiatry, 25, 2275-2294. https://10.1038/s41380-018-0264-5.
  10. Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., Nima, A. A., Granjard, A., Cloninger, K. M., & Sikström, S. (2020). Validation of two Short Personality Inventories using Self-descriptions in Natural Language and Quantitative Semantics Test Theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:16. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00016.
  11. Granjard, A., Cloninger, K. M., Lindskär, E., Jacobsson, C., Sikström, S., Cloninger, C. R., & Garcia, D. (2019). Personality Profiles in a Swedish Long-Term Unemployed Sample. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine, 9, 17-39. https://10.5750/ijpcm.v9i4.1015.
  12. Cloninger, K. M., Granjard, A., Lester, N., Lindskär, E., Rosenberg, P., Cloninger, C. R., & Garcia, D. (2019). A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study using Mind-Body Interventions among Refugees in Sweden. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine, 9, 19-34. https://10.5750/ijpcm.v9i3.995.
  13. Chae, H., Park, S. H., Garcia, D., & Lee, S. J. (2019). Cloninger’s TCI associations with adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Peerj. PeerJ 7:e7958. https://10.7717/peerj.7958.
  14. Garcia, D., Forssell, H., & Cloninger, K. M. (2018). Aspiring Personality: Patients waiting for Obesity Treatment. PsyCh Journal, 7, 103-104. https://10.1002/pchj.209.
  15. Garcia, D., Moradi, S., Amato, C., Granjard, A., & Cloninger, K. M. (2018). Well-Being and Moral Identity. PsyCh Journal, 7, 53-54. https://10.1002/pchj.205.
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  17. Garcia, D., Schütz, E., Lindskär, E., González Moraga, F. R., Archer, T., Cloninger, K., & Nima, A. A. (2018). Who is Sleeping Beauty? Quality of sleep and adolescents’ Sleep-Psychophysiological-Emotional-Personality Profile. Biquarterly Iranian Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 9-24.
  18. Garcia, D., & Archer, T. (2016). Empowerment (Character, Motivation, and Regulatory Mode), Positive Affect, and Resilience. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 4, 212-225.
  19. Garcia, D., & Rosenberg, P. (2016). Out of Flatland: The Role of the Notion of a Worldview in the Science of Well-Being. Men Sana Monographs, 14, 133-140. https://10.4103/0973-1229.193082.
  20. Lester, N., Garcia, D., Lundström, S., Brändström, S., Råstam, M., Kerekes, N., Nilsson, T., Cloninger, C. R., & Anckarsäter, H. (2016). The Genetic Structure of the Character Sub-Scales of the Temperament and Character Inventory in Adolescence.Annals of General Psychiatry, 15:10. https://10.1186/s12991-016-0094-2.
  21. Falhgren, E., Nima, A.A., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2015). Person-Centered Osteopathic Practice: Patients’ Personality (Body, Mind, and Soul) and Health (Ill-Being and Well-Being). PeerJ, 3:e1349. https://10.7717/peerj.1349.
  22. Garcia, D., Anckarsäter, H., Kjell, O. N. E., Archer, T., Rosenberg, P., Cloninger, C. R., & Sikström, S. (2015). Agentic, Communal, and Spiritual Traits are Related to the Semantic Representation of Written Narratives of Positive and Negative Life Events. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 5,1-20. https://10.1186/s13612-015-0035-x.
  23. Mousavi, F., Rozsa, S., Nilsson, T., Archer, T., Anckarsäter, H., & Garcia, D. (2015) Personality and Intelligence: Persistence, not Self-directedness, Cooperativeness or Self-transcendence, is Related to Twins’ Cognitive Abilities. PeerJ, 3:e1195. https://10.7717/peerj.1195.   
  24. Garcia, D., Stråge, A., Lundström, S., Radovic, S., Brändström, S., Råstam, M., Nilsson, T., Cloninger, C. R., Kerekes, N., & Anckarsäter, H. (2014). Responsibility and Cooperativeness Are Constrained, Not Determined. Frontiers in Psychology, 5: 308. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00308.
  25. Garcia, D., Nima, A. A., & Archer, T. (2013). International note: Temperament and Character’s Relationship to Subjective Well-Being in Salvadorian Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1115-1119. https://10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.018.
  26. Garcia, D., Lundström, S., Brändström, S., Råstam, M., Cloninger, C. R., Kerekes, N., Nilsson, T., & Anckarsäter, H. (2013). Temperament and Character in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS): Comparison to the General Population, and Genetic Structure Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70475. https://10.1371/journal.pone.0070475.
  27. Garcia, D., Anckarsäter, H., & Lundström, S. (2013). Self-directedness and Cooperativeness, Psychosocial Dysfunction and Suffering in ESSENCE. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, Article ID 416981, 1-10. https://10.1155/2013/416981.
  28. Garcia, D. (2012). The Affective Temperaments: Differences between Adolescents in the Big Five Model and Cloninger’s Psychobiological Model of Personality.Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 999–1017. https://10.1007/s10902-011-9303-5.
  29. Nima, A. A., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2012). Adolescents’ happiness-increasing Strategies, Temperament, and Character: Mediation models on Subjective Well-Being. Health, 4, 802–810. https://10.4236/health.2012.410124.
  30. Garcia, D., & Moradi, S. (2012). Adolescents’ Temperament and Character: A Longitudinal Study on Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 931–946. https://10.1007/s10902-011-9300-8.
  31. Garcia, D., Kerekes, N., & Archer, T. (2012). A Will and a Proper Way Leading to Happiness: Self-Directedness Mediates the Effect of Persistence on Positive Affectivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 1034–1038. https://10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.025.
  32. Garcia, D., Kerekes, N., Andersson-Arntén, A-C., & Archer, T. (2012). Temperament, Character, and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: Focusing on Affect. Depression Research and Treatment. https://10.1155/2012/925372.
  33. Garcia, D. (2011). Two Models of Personality and Well-Being among Adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1208–1212. https://10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.009.
  1. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Granjard, A., Lester, N., & Cloninger, C. R. (2024). Personality and Health: Understanding the Whole Person (Body, Mind, and Psyche). In M. Frota, K. Rolim, A. Brilhante, & T. Daniele (Eds.), Arte, Humanização e Saúde. (pp. 47-85) Rio de Janeiro: PoD Editora. [Brazilian Portuguise]
  2. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Sikström, S., Anckarsäter, H., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). A Ternary Model of Personality: Temperament, Character, and Identity. In S. Sikström & D. Garcia (Eds.), Statistical Semantics: Methods and Applications (pp. 125-142). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37250-7_8.
  3. Garcia, D., Lester, N., Lucchese, F., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2019). Personality and the Brain: Person-Centered Approaches. In D. Garcia, T. Archer, & R. M. Kostrzewa (Eds.), Personality and Brain Disorders: Associations and Interventions (pp. 3-24). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90065-0_1.
  4. Nilsson, T., Ståhlberg, O., Råstam, M., Garcia, D., & Anckarsäter, H. (2019). Temperament and Character in Childhood-Onset Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD). In D. Garcia, T. Archer, & R. M. Kostrzewa (Eds.), Personality and Brain Disorders: Associations and Interventions (pp. 101-142). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90065-0_6.

Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Lester, N., & Cloninger, C. R. (2019). The Future of Personality Research and Applications: Some Latest Findings. In D. Garcia, T. Archer, & R. M. Kostrzewa (Eds.), Personality and Brain Disorders: Associations and Interventions (pp. 283-297). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90065-0_13.

  1. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Granjard, A., Lester, N., & Cloninger, C. R. (2024). Self-Transcendence as a Personality Trait. In T. Shackelford (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Religious Psychology and Behavior (pp. 1-5). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_1970-1.
  2. Cloninger, K. M., & Garcia, D. (2020). Cloninger, C. Robert. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 685-692). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_403.  
  3. Garcia, D., & Sikström, S. (2020). The Ten Words Personality Inventory (10WPI). In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 5417-5422). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2314.   
  4. Garcia, D., Lester, N., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R., (2020). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 5408-5410). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_91. 
  5. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Lester, N., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). Self-directedness. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 4705-4708). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1163.  
  6. Garcia, D., Lester, N., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). Cooperativeness. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 906-908). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2268. 
  7. Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., Lester, N., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2020). Self-transcendence. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 4811-4813). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2269. 

  1. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2023). Coherence of Temperament and Character Drives Personality Change Toward Well-Being in Person-Centered Therapy. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 36, 60-66. https://10.1097/YCO.0000000000000833.
  2. Garcia, D., Andersson Arntén, A-C., & Archer, T. (2015). Character, Responsibility, and Well-Being: Influences on Mental Health and Constructive Behavior Patterns. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:1079. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01079.
  1. Garcia, D., Cloninger, K. M., Granjard, A., Anckarsäter, H., Sikström, S., & Cloninger, C. R. (2024). Using AI to find identity clusters from people’s freely generated self-descriptions and investigating the cluster’s association to temperament, character, and health. 4th World Conference on Personality, Curaçao.
  • Garcia, D., Mihailovic, M., Cloninger, K. M., Amato, C., & Lucchese, F. (2020). Prevalensen av resiliens personlighetsprofiler bland nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor [The Prevalence of Resilience Personality Profiles among Newly Graduated Nurses]. Presented at FoU i Sverige - vad pågår? Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Garcia, D., Granjard, A., Nima, A. A., & Cloninger, K. M. (2020). Resiliencepersonlighetsprofiler bland svenska långtidsarbetslösa [Resilience Personality Profiles among Swedish Long-Term Unemployed]. Presented at FoU i Sverige - vad pågår? Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Garcia, D., Cloninger, M. K., Lester, N., & Cloninger, C. (2020). Effects of Six Months of Well-Being Coaching and Mind-Body Interventions among Refugees in Sweden. XXXII International Congress of Psychology. Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Cloninger, K. M., Mihailovic, M., Amato, C., Lindskär, E., Nima, A. A., Kullberg, J., Kullving, M., Sikström, S., Cloninger, C. R., & Garcia, D. (2020). The Prevalence of Personality Profiles (Temperament and Character) among Swedish Newly Graduated Nurses. 32nd Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  • Garcia, D. (2020). A Harmonious Personality. 32nd Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  • González Moraga, F. R., Sygel, K., Garcia, D., Enebrink, P, Billstedt, E., Perrin, S., Hofvander, B., & Wallinius, M. (2019). Aggressive antisocial behaviors in forensic settings: the importance of personality, intelligence and psychopathy. Nordic Symposium on Forensic Psychiatry. Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • Garcia, D., Nima, A. A., Nilsson, T., Lundström, S., Cloninger, K. M., Anckarsäter, H., & Cloninger, C. R. (2019). Twins’ and Their Mothers’ Personality: Temperament and Character Clusters. 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science. Paris, France.
  • Razavioun, P., Muhammad, D., Nima, A. A., Zielinski A., Cloninger, K. M., & Garcia, D. (2019). Temperament and Character, Internet Gaming Addiction, and Health Among Swedish Adolescents. 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science. Paris, France.
  1. Garcia, D., Lester, N., Fahlgren, E., Rozsa, S., & Cloninger, K. M. (2016). Interaction of Health-Related Personality Profiles (Temperament and Character) in Patients. Evidence Live 2016. Oxford, England.
  2. Garcia, D., Lester, N., Fahlgren, E., Rozsa, S., & Cloninger, K. M. (2016). Dynamics of Temperament and Character Profiles among Swedish Osteopathic Patients. 28th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  3. Garcia, D., Nima, A. A., Fahlgren, E., & Archer, T. (2016). Person-Centered Osteopathic Practice using a Biopsychosocialspiritual Model of Personality. 28th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  4. Garcia, D., & Moradi, S. (2016). Character (Cooperativeness and Self-transcendence) and Engagement Predict Moral Identity. 28th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  5. Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., & Sikström, S. (2015). Personality Descriptions and Personality Measures. International Society for the Study of Individual Differences Meeting. London, Ontario, Canada. Abstract published in Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 480. https://10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.143.
  6. Garcia, D., Mousavi, F., & Anckarsäter, H. (2015). Neuropsychiatric Disorders at Childhood and Character (Self-directedness and Cooperativeness) in Adolescence as Predictors of Negative Outcomes in 18 Years Old Twins. 4th World Congress on Positive Psychology. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA.
  7. Garcia, D., Anckarsäter, H., Kjell, O. N. E., Rosenberg, P., Cloninger, C. R., Archer, T., & Sikström, S. (2014). A Quantification of Agentic and Communal Values in Adolescents’ Life Narratives. 167th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. New York, New York, USA.
  8. Garcia, D., Cloninger, C. R., & Anckarsäter, H. (2014). Temperament and Character in Twin-Pairs Diagnosed with ADHD and ASD. 167th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. New York, New York, USA.
  9. Lindskär, E., Garcia, D., & Archer, T. (2014). Agency (Self-directedness), Communion (Cooperativeness), and the Positivity Ratio (Empowerment). 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
  10. Mousavi, F., Archer, A., Nilsson, T., Lundström, S., Anckarsäter, H., & Garcia, D. (2014). Agency, Communion, and Intelligence among Twins. 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
  11. Garcia, D. (2013). Free Will: Responsibility and Cooperation are Constrained, not Determined. XXXIII International Congress on Law and Mental Health. Amsterdam, Holland.
  12. Garcia, D., Archer, T., & Moradi, S. (2012). A will (Persistence) and a proper way (Self-Directedness) might lead to happiness. 6th European Conference on Positive Psychology. Moscow, Russia.
  13. Garcia, D., Brändström, S., Lundström, S., Gumpert, C., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Cloninger, C. R., Kerekes, N., & Anckarsäter, H. (2012). The Genetic Structure of Cloninger’s Psychobiological Model of Personality in Adolescence. 67th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Abstract published in 2012, Biological Psychiatry, 71, 150S.
  14. Garcia, D. (2011). Two Models of Personality and Well-Being among Adolescents. 2nd World Congress on Positive Psychology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
  15. Garcia, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2011). The Role of Character in the Relationship between Personality and Well-Being in Teens. 6th Self Biennial International Conference – The Centrality of the Self Theory and Research for Enabling Human Potential. Quebec City, Canada.
  16. Garcia, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2010). Temperament and Character as Determinants in Adolescents Subjective Well-Being: A One Year Study. 5th European Conference on Positive Psychology. Copenhagen, Denmark.
  17. Garcia, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2008). It is What Adolescents Make of Themselves Intentionally that Makes Them Happy: Temperament, Character and Happiness Enhancing Strategies. 4th European Conference on Positive Psychology. Rijeka, Croatia.